The Significant Impact of PBMs on Pharmaceutical Access: Dissecting Pharmacy Deserts and Health Inequities

Today's health systems are an intricate network of various stakeholders, each playing a pivotal role in shaping the healthcare experience for patients. One such crucial element is Pharmacy Benefit Managers (PBMs). However, their impact on shaping "pharmacy deserts" and fueling health inequities needs in-depth exploration.

Understanding Pharmacy Benefit Managers (PBMs)

PBMs are organizations that administer prescription drug plans for insurers, managing the cost and accessibility of medications. However, their influence can sometimes inadvertently lead to regions becoming "pharmacy deserts," areas where access to pharmacies is limited or non-existent.

Pharmacy Deserts and their Disproportionate Impact

Pharmacy deserts often disproportionately affect certain communities, primarily Black and Latino residents. This discrepancy creates significant health inequities, with people in these areas having limited access to critical medications, leading to poorer health outcomes.

Why Does this Matter?

Access to pharmacies is not just about convenience; it's about health. Pharmacies offer medication counseling, vaccinations, and health screenings, providing a critical healthcare resource, especially for chronic conditions. Without easy access, these services remain out of reach, widening the health equity gap.

• The Dire Impact on the Underserved: According to a study by USC, certain cities in the US have experienced a dramatic rise in pharmacy deserts, most notably within Black and Latino neighborhoods.

How PBMs Contribute to the Problem

The role of PBMs is to negotiate drug prices with manufacturers and devise lists of covered medications. However, their strategies can inadvertently contribute to the rise of pharmacy deserts:

1. Reimbursement Rates: PBMs decide the reimbursement rates for medications, which can sometimes fall below the cost price, causing independent pharmacies to close shop. This is especially detrimental in low-income areas where these pharmacies are the primary source of healthcare.
2. Preferred Networks: PBMs create "preferred networks," a list of pharmacies offering lower co-pays. When local pharmacies are not included, residents must travel long distances for affordable medication.
3. Mail Order Pharmacies: PBMs often promote their own mail-order pharmacies, which can detract from community pharmacies, contributing to the creation of pharmacy deserts.

Addressing the Issue: Moving Towards Equity

While PBMs play a crucial role in healthcare, their practices necessitate careful regulation to prevent the propagation of pharmacy deserts and health inequities. This involves:

• Transparent Practices: Greater transparency in PBM practices, especially in drug pricing and reimbursement rates, can help alleviate some of the pressure on independent pharmacies.
• Regulating Mail Order Pharmacies: While mail-order pharmacies offer convenience, they should not replace community pharmacies. Regulations can help maintain a balance between the two.
• Inclusive Preferred Networks: PBMs should aim to include more local pharmacies in their preferred networks, ensuring accessible and affordable medication for all.

In conclusion, while PBMs serve a crucial role in our healthcare system, it is essential to continually reassess their practices and impacts. Only then can we work towards a healthcare system that is truly equitable, where access to pharmacies and medications is not a luxury but a basic right.